Aims: Personality is one of the most fundamental concepts of psychology that is affected by various experiences .Having an acceptable character is an ideal view and a remarkable point for military forces. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of military training on personality traits of non-athlete students who enter the military environment.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out in 2011. The study subjects were 105 non-athlete male students who entered one of the Cadet Universities of Iran in the academic year of 2010-11 and were selected by simple random sampling. The data gathering tools were personal characteristics questionnaire and Bern Reuter Personality Inventory. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and dependent T-test using SPSS 16 software.Results: Military training had a significant positive effect on four of the studied characteristics and increased self-confidence, dominancy, extroversion and the decrease of neurotic tendency (p=0.001). This happened while military training had a significant negative effect on sociability (p=0.002) and self-sufficiency (p=0.001) and caused increase in isolation and decrease in sociability.Conclusion: Military training increases emotional balance, extroversion, self-confidence and dominancy in students, while it results in dissociability and isolation of students. Authorities should consider necessary arrangements during military training in order to wash out negative effects and enhance more positive effects of this period on students' personality traits.

During the Qajar era, Iran did not have a trained and uniformed army, and the few regularly trained units in the country were under the supervision of foreign commanders and advisors. After the coup d'état of 1921, a new approach was adopted in the structure of the army, serious attention was paid to the formation of the unified army, and the creation of military schools and colleges was prioritized in Reza Khan's plans. During his reign, this policy was followed in civilian schools as well, and the military education of students was approved and implemented in the programs of the Ministry of Education theoretically and practically. This research aims to provide an appropriate answer to the question of the approach, changes, and developments associated with military education in military and civilian schools of the Pahlavi I era, using the historical method and based on library and archival sources. The current research is based on the hypothesis that Pahlavi I's approach was more than anything to strengthen the national identity in the form of creating a national army and to transform and improve discipline in the environment of civilian schools through military training in order to prepare the youth and promote the culture of obedience. To achieve this goal, the Pahlavi government established and reinforced military schools and colleges, hired advisers and sent students overseas, sent trained officers to civilian schools, and provided students with military training.

Introduction: this study has been implement fed to examine ranger training on military morale of a ranger training course of a military unit.Method: a questionnaire on military morale was given to trainees before the implement fation of ranger training course. Military Morales were measured at end of the course. The reliability of military morale was a 0.823. The data were analyzed with spss software in descriptive and inferential levels (including variance analysis and t. test).Results: the results show that ranger training course has generally enhanced military Morales of learners, but this increase at level of p<0.05 is not significant. However, after ranger training, learners military morale's in the aspects of supporting leadership, social cohesion and team work increased at level of p<0.05, while acceptability, leadership style, leader- follower relations, leadership skills, organizational satisfaction, organizational identity, organizational interest, organizational commitment, efficacy, compatibility, bravity, comparative skills, effectiveness after training have been increased but this enhancement at level of p<0.05 is not significant.Discussion: this study indicated that 69.8 percent of participants of pretest have low military morales but 30.2 percent have high military Morales. It indicates that ranger training increases military morale of participants. The results also show that military morale percentage in posttest has doubled in comparison with pretest.Furthermore, the cases of low and lower military Morales are vanished. Though the results of main assumption showed that military Morales of trainees have increased in the post test but this increase is not significant.

Introduction: Military personnel need health care. Knowledge about causes and frequency of healthcare utilization and correlated variables provides the planners a valuable data. Current study was performed to assess Causes of health care references and correlated variables during military training of sepah. Material and Method: This cross sectional study was performed on military personnel who were passing training course in 2002 in Sepah military training centers in Tabriz, Varamin and Hamedan. Sample size was 2203. subjects were visited by the physicians. Demographic data including: age, educational level, marital status, history data including: past history of medical disease, surgery, fractures, medications, sports, wearing glasses, familial diseases, smoking habits, dominant hand, weight, BMI and physical examination including: plantar of foot curve, knee alignment, ligament flaccidity, visual acuity was registered. Health care utilization was assessed as the main outcome. Results: In the study period, 2636 visits (by 1146 subjects, 52.6% total ) to the outpatient clinic were registered. Mean visits for all, and clients were 1.19 and 2.3, respectively. Mean visits for soldiers and others was 2.4 ± 0.7 and 1.95 ± 0.6, respectively. Cause of visit was physical injury in 821 cases (71.6%), respiratory infections in 242 cases (21.1%) and others in 83 cases (7.3%). The kind of physical injury was musculoskeletal in 494 cases (60.1%), superficial injuries in 271 cases (33%) and cuttings in 56 subjects (6.9%). Health care utilization was seen more in those with ligament flaccidity (p=0.04). Health care utilization was not correlated with, educational level, past history of medical disease, surgery, fractures, medications, sports, wearing glasses, familial diseases, smoking habits, dominant hand, plantar of foot curve, knee alignment, or visual acuity (p>0.05). Discussion: The results of this study showed that more than 50% of personnel in training period need health care, in a significant proportion, the cause is physical injuries. This study revealed that ligament flaccidity as a risk factor of health care utilization during military training period in Sepah. Screening of the military personnel before training period is suggested to decrease the need for healthcare

Purpose: Intensive military training courses are among the programs and specialties of the police force. Musculoskeletal disorders in the military are one of the vital factors that keep people away from courses and shorten their service life. This research aims to measure the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in newly arrived students in the pre-service training course of the police force using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaire. Methods: For this purpose, 124 soldiers with a mean age of 20. 7 years, a mean height of 178. 5 cm, a mean weight of 72. 9 kg, and a mean activity per week for 3 hours and 19 minutes in one of the training barracks affiliated to the Tehran Police Force and were selected and completed the OSTRC questionnaire every month for 6 months. The research design of this study is epidemiology and the results are presented descriptively. Results: The results of the research related to prevalence measurement on a monthly mean showed that ankles at 2. 8%, knees at 2. 2%, and waist at 1. 8% respectively have the highest prevalence rates among soldiers. Also, among the harmful factors, the parade had the largest share with 22. 5% and during 6 months, the second month had the highest number of injuries, and the sixth month had the lowest number of injuries. In terms of participation in exercises, 86. 6% of soldiers participated in practical classes without any physical injuries during the six months. A total of 9. 1% of the soldiers could not perform optimally and properly despite their full attendance in the practical classes due to physical injuries and finally, 3. 8% of the participants, despite attending the practical classes, had to leave the class halfway due to the severity of the injury. Conclusion: What is clear is that the most affected areas are the central area and the lower limbs, and the spine of the back, head, neck, and upper limbs were not among the most damaged areas. Finally, it seems that the prevalence rate among the soldiers in training courses is acceptable and close to the average of global statistics. However, it is required to take preventive measures as well as plan to add classes and specialized exercises to strengthen physical fitness and specialized exercises related to improving the conditions of damaged areas.

Aims: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence rate and causes of physical injuries among trainee personnel during the physical fitness practices course. Methods: In this retrospective-descriptive study, 5559 formal personnel who were trained in the three educational garrisons during the last three educational years (September 2005 to September 2007) were selected by census method and were analyzed as the sample of this study. Using a researcher-made questionnaire from the present records and documents based on diseases classification system, the data were collected, codified and finally analyzed by SPSS 15 software. Results: Most of injuries were musculoskeletal injuries (96.2%) and the most common type of injuries was superficial injuries (42.1%). The most often injured body area was the ankle and foot area (27.6%). Most injuries had been happened in sport hall (23.8%). The prevalence rate of given injuries during military training were the first (4.9%), second (2.5%) and third (3.2%) years. the most common causes of injury during the military training were slipping or falling during training activities (33.5%). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal injuries were the major cause of referring to clinic and the most prevalence type of physical injuries in military personnel during the military trainings. Prevention is considered as the first step toward reducing the traumatic events.

Background and Aim: Improving the quality of physical exercise and military tests is critical to improving the physical fitness of members of the military. The purpose of this study was to evaluation of Military Optimal Performance Challenge (MOPC) test in military students. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study performed in 2017. The study population included 60 military students at a training center of Tehran, Iran (24 to 39 years) who were selected by cluster random sampling. The variables of weight (using the Seca scale, minimum clothing and accuracy of 0. 1 kg), height (without shoes, in standard condition with accuracy of 0. 1 cm by irreversible tape measure), heart rate and oxygen consumed were measured in subjects. Participants fully and properly performed the obstacles to 7's tests (4827 meter running, mobility for battle, Bench Press, Horizontal bar, Ankles to the Bar, Back Squat, Simulated Casualty Evacuation Test), and reliability was evaluated based on internal correlation test (Cronbach alpha). Analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. Results: The mean weights and heights of students was 81. 90 kg and 174. 56 cm, respectively and the means of oxygen consumption participants during test was 39. 13 ml/kg/min. Also resting heart rate was reported between 61 to 115 beats per minute. Based on the inner correlation (Cronbach's alpha) between MOPC test items, the results showed the reliability of this test is highly acceptable (Cronbach's alpha 0. 709). The Simulated Casualty Evacuation Test was significantly associated with four sub-tests (Bench press: P=0. 0001and r=-0. 473, pull-up: P=0. 011 and r=-0. 325, Squat: P=0. 0001 and r=-0. 485, ankles to the bar: P=0. 0001 and r=-0. 448). Conclusion: According to accurate and complete of MOPC test package compared to other similar test, this test package as a standard model, has possibility to perform and implement to raise the level of military power.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.